Ngaphambi kowe-1900, amabhinqa ayechitha ixesha elininzi emini ezithungela iimpahla zawo neentsapho zawo ngesandla.Kwakhona amabhinqa aye abumba uninzi lwabasebenzi ababethunga iimpahla kwimizi-mveliso yaye beluka amalaphu kwiindawo zokusila.Ukuveliswa nokwanda komatshini wokuthunga kwakhulula amabhinqa kulo msebenzi, kwakhulula abasebenzi kwimizi-mveliso engahlawulwa kakuhle kangangeeyure ezininzi, kwaza kwavelisa iintlobo ngeentlobo zeempahla ezingabizi kakhulu.Umatshini wokuthunga wamashishini wenza uluhlu lweemveliso ezinokwenzeka kwaye zifikeleleke.Oomatshini bokuthunga basekhaya nabaphathwayo baye bazisa abathungi abasafundayo ukuba bonwabele ukuthunga njengobugcisa.

Oovulindlela ekuphuhliseni umatshini wokuthunga babesebenza nzima ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yeshumi elinesibhozo eNgilani, eFransi naseUnited States.Umenzi wekhabhinethi weNgesi uThomas Saint wafumana i-patent yokuqala yomatshini wokuthunga ngo-1790. Isikhumba kunye ne-canvas zinokuthungwa ngulo matshini onzima, owawusebenzisa inaliti enotshi kunye ne-awl ukudala i-chain stitch.Njengoomatshini abaninzi bangaphambili, ikhuphele iintshukumo zokuthunga ngesandla.Ngo-1807, into entsha ebaluleke kakhulu yanikwa ilungelo elilodwa lomenzi wechiza nguWilliam no-Edward Chapman eNgilani.Umatshini wabo wokuthunga wawusebenzisa inaliti eneliso kwindawo yenaliti endaweni ephezulu.

EFransi, umatshini kaBarthelémy Thimmonier onelungelo elilodwa lomenzi ngo-1830 wabangela uqhushululu.Umthungi ongumFrentshi, uThimmonier wenze umatshini odibanisa ilaphu ngokuthunga ngetyathanga elinenaliti egobileyo.Umzi-mveliso wakhe wavelisa iyunifomu yoMkhosi wamaFrentshi kwaye wawunoomatshini abangama-80 ababesebenza ngo-1841. Ihlokondiba labathungi elagxothwa ngumzi-mveliso lavukela, latshabalalisa oomatshini, laze laphantse lambulala uThimonier.

Ngaphesheya kweAtlantiki, uWalter Hunt wenza umatshini onenaliti etsolwe ngeso eyadala umthungo otshixiweyo ngomsonto wesibini osuka ngaphantsi.Umatshini kaHunt, owayilwa ngo-1834, akazange abe namalungelo awodwa omenzi wechiza.U-Elias Howe, owaziwa ngokuba ngumqambi womatshini wokuthunga, wayila waza wanelungelo elilodwa lomenzi wendalo yakhe ngo-1846. UHowe wayeqeshwe kwivenkile yomatshini eBoston kwaye wayezama ukondla intsapho yakhe.Umhlobo wakhe wamnceda ngokwemali ngoxa wayeyiphucula into awayeyiyile, ekwavelisa umthungo wokutshixa esebenzisa inaliti etsolwe iliso kunye nebhobhi eyayithwala umsonto wesibini.UHowe wazama ukuthengisa umatshini wakhe eNgilani, kodwa, ngelixa wayephesheya kolwandle, abanye bakopisha imveliso yakhe.Ukubuya kwakhe ngo-1849, waphinda waxhaswa ngemali ngelixa wayemangalela ezinye iinkampani ngokuphulwa kwelungelo lomenzi.Ngo-1854, wayesele ephumelele iisuti, ngaloo ndlela eseka umatshini wokuthunga njengesixhobo esibalulekileyo ekuvelisweni komthetho welungelo elilodwa lomenzi wechiza.

Oyintloko phakathi kokhuphisana noHowe yayinguIsaac M. Singer, umqambi, umdlali, kunye nomkhandi owaguqula uyilo olulambathayo oluphuhliswe ngabanye waza wafumana ilungelo elilodwa lomenzi wechiza ngo-1851. Uyilo lwakhe lwalubonisa ingalo ejingayo eyabeka inaliti phezu kwetafile ecaba ukuze ilaphu inokusetyenzwa phantsi kwebar kulo naliphi na icala.Maninzi amalungelo awodwa omenzi wechiza kwiimpawu ezidityanisiweyo zoomatshini bokuthunga aye akhutshwa ekuqaleni koo-1850 kangangokuba “ichibi lelungelo elilodwa lomenzi wechiza” lasekwa ngabavelisi abane ukuze amalungelo eepatent ezidityanisiweyo athengwe.U-Howe uxhamle koku ngokufumana umvuzo kumalungelo akhe awodwa omenzi wechiza;Imvumi, ngentsebenziswano no-Edward Clark, idityaniswe eyona mveliso igqwesileyo yaza yaba ngoyena mvelisi mkhulu koomatshini bokuthunga ehlabathini ngo-1860. Imiyalelo emikhulu yeeyunifomu zeMfazwe yaBantu yadala imfuno enkulu koomatshini kwi-1860s, kunye ne-patent pool. benza uHowe kunye noSinger baba ngabavelisi bokuqala abazizigidi kwihlabathi.

Ukuphuculwa komatshini wokuthunga kwaqhubeka ukuya kutsho ngoo-1850.U-Allen B. Wilson, umenzi wekhabhinethi waseMelika, wayila izinto ezimbini ezibalulekileyo, i-rotary hook shuttle kunye ne-4-motion (phezulu, ezantsi, ngasemva, naphambili) ukutya kwelaphu ngomatshini.Umculi waguqula ukuveliswa kwakhe de wafa ngo-1875 waza wafumana amanye amalungelo awodwa omenzi wokuphucula kunye nezinto ezintsha.Njengoko uHowe wayeguqula umhlaba welungelo elilodwa lomenzi wechiza, uMvumi wenze inkqubela phambili enkulu ekurhwebeni.Ngokusebenzisa izicwangciso zokuthenga ngezavenge, ikhredithi, inkonzo yokulungisa, kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo wokurhweba, uSinger wazisa umatshini wokuthunga kumakhaya amaninzi kwaye waseka iindlela zokuthengisa ezamkelwa ngabathengisi abavela kwamanye amashishini.

Umatshini wokuthunga watshintsha ubuso boshishino ngokudala intsimi entsha yeempahla ezilungele ukunxiba.Uphuculo kwishishini lekhaphethi, ukudibanisa iincwadi, ukurhweba kwe-boot kunye nezihlangu, ukuveliswa kweehosi, kunye ne-upholstery kunye nokwenziwa kwefenitshala kuphindaphindwe ngokusetyenziswa komatshini wokuthunga weshishini.Oomatshini bemizi-mveliso basebenzisa inaliti ye-swing okanye i-zigzag stitch ngaphambi kowe-1900, nangona kwathatha iminyaka emininzi ukuba esi sitshi sitshintshwe kumatshini wasekhaya.Oomatshini bokuthunga bombane baziswa okokuqala nguSinger ngowe-1889. Izixhobo zombane zale mihla zisebenzisa ubugcisa bekhompyutha ukwenza amaqhosha, ukuhombisa, imithungo egqubutheleyo, ukuthunga okungaboniyo, nemithungo emininzi yokuhombisa.

Umatshini woshishino

Oomatshini bokuthunga bamashishini bafuna intsimbi etyhidiweyo kwiifreyimu zabo kunye neentlobo zetsimbi zokufakelwa kwazo.Intsimbi, ubhedu, kunye nenani leengxubevange ziyafuneka ukwenza iindawo ezikhethekileyo ezihlala ixesha elide ngokwaneleyo ukuba zisetyenziswe kwiimeko zefektri.Abanye abavelisi baphosa, oomatshini, kunye nezixhobo zabo zentsimbi;kodwa abathengisi bakwabonelela ngala malungu kunye ne-pneumatic, umbane, kunye nezinto zombane.

Umatshini wokuthunga wasekhaya

Ngokungafaniyo nomatshini wemizi-mveliso, umatshini wokuthunga wasekhaya uxabiswa ngenxa yokuguquguquka kwawo, ukuguquguquka, kunye nokuphatheka.Izindlu ezikhaphukhaphu zibalulekile, kwaye uninzi koomatshini basekhaya banezingxobo ezenziwe ngeeplastiki kunye neepholima ezikhaphukhaphu, kulula ukubunjwa, kulula ukuzicoca, kwaye zimelana nokuqhekeka nokuqhekeka.Isakhelo somatshini wasekhaya senziwe nge-injection-molded aluminium, kwakhona ukuqwalaselwa kobunzima.Ezinye iintsimbi, ezifana nobhedu, ichrome, kunye nenickel zisetyenziselwa ukucwenga iindawo ezithile.

Umatshini wasekhaya nawo ufuna i-motor yombane, iinxalenye zetsimbi ezichanekileyo ezibandakanya izixhobo zokutya, izixhobo zekhamera, ii-hook, iinaliti, kunye ne-naliti ye-naliti, iinyawo ze-presser, kunye ne-drive shaft enkulu.Iibhobhoni zingenziwa ngentsimbi okanye ngeplastiki kodwa kufuneka zibunjwe ngokuchanekileyo ukondla umsonto wesibini ngokufanelekileyo.Iibhodi zeesekethe nazo ziyafuneka ngokuthe ngqo kulawulo oluphambili lomatshini, ipateni kunye nokukhethwa kwe-stitch, kunye noluhlu lwezinye iimpawu.IiMoto, iinxalenye zetsimbi ezinomatshini, kunye neebhodi zesekethe zinokubonelelwa ngabathengisi okanye zenziwe ngabavelisi.

Umatshini woshishino

Emva kwemoto, umatshini wokuthunga ngowona matshini wenziwa ngokuchanekileyo emhlabeni.Oomatshini bokuthunga bemizi-mveliso bukhulu kwaye bunzima kunoomatshini basekhaya kwaye benzelwe ukwenza umsebenzi omnye kuphela.Abavelisi bempahla, umzekelo, basebenzisa uluhlu lomatshini kunye nemisebenzi eyahlukileyo, ngokulandelelana, ukudala isambatho esigqityiweyo.Oomatshini boshishino nabo bathanda ukusebenzisa ikhonkco okanye umthungo we-zigzag endaweni yokutshixa umthungo, kodwa oomatshini banokufakelwa ukuya kuthi ga kwimisonto elithoba ukomelela.

Abenzi boomatshini boshishino banokubonelela ngomatshini osebenza into enye kumakhulu aliqela ezityalo zempahla kwihlabathi liphela.Ngenxa yoko, uvavanyo lwendawo kumzi-mveliso wabathengi luyinto ebalulekileyo kuyilo.Ukuphuhlisa umatshini omtsha okanye ukwenza utshintsho kwimodeli yangoku, abathengi bahlolwe, ukhuphiswano luvavanyiwe, kunye nohlobo lophuculo olufunwayo (njengoomatshini okhawulezayo okanye othuleyo) ichongiwe.Uyilo luyazotywa, kwaye iprototype yenziwe kwaye ivavanywe kwiplanti yomthengi.Ukuba iprototype iyanelisa, icandelo lobunjineli bokuvelisa lithatha uyilo lokulungelelanisa ukunyamezelana kwamalungu, ukuchonga iindawo eziza kwenziwa ngaphakathi kwindlu kunye nezinto ezifunekayo, zikhangele iindawo eziza kubonelelwa ngabathengisi, kwaye zithenge ezo zixhobo.Izixhobo zokuvelisa, ukubamba izixhobo zomgca wokuhlanganisa, izixhobo zokukhusela zombini umatshini kunye nomgca wokuhlanganisa, kunye nezinye izinto zenkqubo yokuvelisa kufuneka zenziwe kunye nomatshini ngokwawo.

Xa uyilo lugqityiwe kwaye zonke iindawo zikhoyo, ukuveliswa kokuqala kwemveliso kucwangcisiwe.Indawo yokuqala eyenziweyo ijongwa ngononophelo.Ngokuqhelekileyo, utshintsho luchongiwe, uyilo lubuyiselwa ekuphuhliseni, kwaye inkqubo iphinda iphindwe de kube imveliso iyanelisa.I-pilot lot ye-10 okanye i-20 yomatshini ikhululwe kumthengi ukuze isetyenziswe kwimveliso kwiinyanga ezintathu ukuya kwezintandathu.Uvavanyo olunjalo lwentsimi lungqina isixhobo phantsi kweemeko zokwenyani, emva koko ukuveliswa kwesikali esikhulu kunokuqalisa.

Umatshini wokuthunga wasekhaya

Uyilo lomatshini wasekhaya luqala ekhaya.Amaqela ogxininiso lwabathengi afunda kugutyulo iintlobo zeempawu ezintsha ezinqweneleka kakhulu.Isebe lophando nophuhliso (R&D) lomenzi lisebenza, ngokubambisana nesebe lezentengiso, ukuphuhlisa iinkcukacha zomatshini omtsha othi emva koko uyilwe njengeprototype.Isoftware yokuvelisa umatshini iyaphuhliswa, kwaye iimodeli zokusebenza zenziwe kwaye zivavanywe ngabasebenzisi.Ngeli xesha, iinjineli ze-R&D zivavanya iimodeli zokusebenza zokuqina kwaye ziseke iindlela zobomi eziluncedo.Kwilabhoratri yokuthunga, umgangatho wokuthunga uvavanywa ngokuchanekileyo, kwaye ezinye iimvavanyo zokusebenza zenziwa phantsi kweemeko ezilawulwayo.

Ikhadi lokurhweba lika-1899 koomatshini bokuthunga beSinger.

(Ukusuka kwingqokelela yeMyuziyam yaseHenry Ford kunye neGreenfield Village.)

U-Isaac Merritt Singer akazange aqulunqe umatshini wokuthunga.Wayengengomkhandi obalaseleyo, kodwa engumdlali weqonga.Ke, leliphi igalelo likaMvumi elabangela ukuba igama lakhe lifaniswe noomatshini bokuthunga?

Ubukrelekrele boMculi babukwiphulo lakhe lokuthengisa elinamandla, eliqondiswe kwasekuqaleni kwabasetyhini kwaye lijonge ukulwa nesimo sengqondo sokuba abasetyhini bebengasebenzi kwaye abanakusebenzisa oomatshini.Xa uMculi wazisa oomatshini bakhe bokuqala bokuthunga kwikhaya ngo-1856, wajamelana nokuchaswa ziintsapho zaseMelika ngenxa yezizathu zemali nezengqondo.Ngokwenene yayiliqabane loShishino loMvumi, u-Edward Clark, owayila “isicwangciso sokuqesha/sokuthenga” sokuyila ukuthomalalisa ukuthandabuza kwasekuqaleni kwizizathu zemali.Esi sicwangciso savumela iintsapho ezazingenako ukuhlawula i-$125 yotyalo-mali lomatshini omtsha wokuthunga (umvuzo oqhelekileyo wentsapho wawulingana kuphela needola ezingama-500) ukuba zithenge umatshini ngokuhlawula ngezavenge zenyanga zeerandi ezintathu ukuya kwezintlanu.

Izithintelo zengqondo ziye zabonakala kunzima ngakumbi ukuzoyisa.Izixhobo zokonga umsebenzi ekhaya zaziyingcamango entsha ngeminyaka yoo-1850.Kutheni abafazi beza kufuna aba matshini?Babeza kwenza ntoni ngexesha eligciniweyo?Ngaba umsebenzi awuzange wenziwe ngezandla ezikumgangatho ongcono?Ngaba oomatshini babengengoomatshini ababenerhafu eninzi engqondweni nasemizimbeni yamabhinqa, yaye ngaba babenganxulunyaniswa nje ngokusondeleyo nomsebenzi wamadoda nehlabathi lamadoda ngaphandle kwekhaya?Imvumi ngokungakhathali yaqulunqa amacebo okulwa nezi zimo zengqondo, kuquka ukuthengisa ngokuthe ngqo kwabasetyhini.Wamisela amagumbi omboniso odidi oluphezulu awayelinganisa iipalori zasekhaya ezintle;waqesha abafazi ukuba babonise kwaye bafundise ukusebenza koomatshini;kwaye wasebenzisa intengiso ukuchaza indlela ukwanda kwabasetyhini ixesha lokukhululeka kunokubonwa njengento elungileyo.

UDonna R. Braden

Xa umatshini omtsha uvunyiwe ukuveliswa, iinjineli zemveliso ziphuhlisa iindlela zokuvelisa ukuveliswa kwamalungu omatshini.Bakwachonga izinto ezifunekayo kunye neendawo eziza kuodolwa kwimithombo yangaphandle.Iinxalenye ezenziwe kumzi-mveliso zifakwa kwimveliso ngokukhawuleza nje ukuba izixhobo kunye nezicwangciso zifumaneke.

ikopi kwi-Intanethi